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All right, guys. So, All right, guys. So, when people look at these two, they they when people look at these two, they they when people look at these two, they they just see puppies. just see puppies. just see puppies. When I'm looking at them, When I'm looking at them, When I'm looking at them, I need I see I need I see I need I see four decades four decades four decades of decisions. of decisions. of decisions. These little guys are nearly These little guys are nearly These little guys are nearly 3 weeks old. 3 weeks old. 3 weeks old. But, their history doesn't begin at But, their history doesn't begin at But, their history doesn't begin at birth. birth. birth. It doesn't even begin with their It doesn't even begin with their It doesn't even begin with their parents. parents. parents. It all starts generations ago. It all starts generations ago. It all starts generations ago. I've been breeding Malinois since 1989. I've been breeding Malinois since 1989. I've been breeding Malinois since 1989. So, these puppies represent 12 So, these puppies represent 12 So, these puppies represent 12 generations of dogs that I have generations of dogs that I have generations of dogs that I have personally selected. personally selected. personally selected. I'm not talking pedigrees that I like or I'm not talking pedigrees that I like or I'm not talking pedigrees that I like or pedigrees that I admire. pedigrees that I admire. pedigrees that I admire. These are dogs I lived with, I trained, These are dogs I lived with, I trained, These are dogs I lived with, I trained, I competed with, I competed with, I competed with, I bred, I bred, I bred, evaluated, of course. evaluated, of course. evaluated, of course. And, yeah, I learned for over decades And, yeah, I learned for over decades And, yeah, I learned for over decades from them. from them. from them. Right? Right? Right? Um Um Um So, So, So, think about think about this for a think about think about this for a think about think about this for a second. second. second. 12 generations of dogs. 12 generations of dogs. 12 generations of dogs. For some may not sound like much, but if For some may not sound like much, but if For some may not sound like much, but if we were if we were talking about humans, we were if we were talking about humans, we were if we were talking about humans, you would have to go back about 300 you would have to go back about 300 you would have to go back about 300 years to find 12 generations. years to find 12 generations. years to find 12 generations. So, So, So, one person one person one person can never observe that kind of genetic

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can never observe that kind of genetic can never observe that kind of genetic history in their lifetime. history in their lifetime. history in their lifetime. This is why a lot of genetic studies are This is why a lot of genetic studies are This is why a lot of genetic studies are are based on like flies and and stuff are based on like flies and and stuff are based on like flies and and stuff like that. like that. like that. With every breeding, With every breeding, With every breeding, I learned something. I learned something. I learned something. Yeah, there were mistakes, but every Yeah, there were mistakes, but every Yeah, there were mistakes, but every mistake was a lesson. mistake was a lesson. mistake was a lesson. Every exceptional dog Every exceptional dog Every exceptional dog influenced the direction of the next influenced the direction of the next influenced the direction of the next generations. generations. generations. So, So, So, yeah, because of this, I look at uh um yeah, because of this, I look at uh um yeah, because of this, I look at uh um dogs a little differently than than most dogs a little differently than than most dogs a little differently than than most trainers. trainers. trainers. One of the biggest misconceptions in our One of the biggest misconceptions in our One of the biggest misconceptions in our profession is that behavior starts with profession is that behavior starts with profession is that behavior starts with training. training. training. And that's And that's And that's really a wrong way to think. really a wrong way to think. really a wrong way to think. The training shapes behaviors, but the The training shapes behaviors, but the The training shapes behaviors, but the genetics Genetics provide the raw genetics Genetics provide the raw genetics Genetics provide the raw material you're working with. material you're working with. material you're working with. You You can think of it as a as a You You can think of it as a as a You You can think of it as a as a computer. Computers come with already built-in Computers come with already built-in hardware. hardware. hardware. And that's basically the genetics in And that's basically the genetics in And that's basically the genetics in dogs. dogs. dogs. And the software we add later, And the software we add later, And the software we add later, that is the training. that is the training. that is the training. So, traits such as fearfulness, So, traits such as fearfulness, So, traits such as fearfulness, boldness, sociability, arousal, um boldness, sociability, arousal, um boldness, sociability, arousal, um impulse control,

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impulse control, impulse control, response to stress, and even response to stress, and even response to stress, and even trainability, trainability, trainability, all have important genetic components. all have important genetic components. all have important genetic components. What these little things inherit What these little things inherit What these little things inherit is predisposition is predisposition is predisposition and probabilities. It's the never-ending It's the never-ending story story story about about about nature versus nurture. nature versus nurture. nature versus nurture. One of my all-time favorite topics. One of my all-time favorite topics. One of my all-time favorite topics. Training and environment matter big Training and environment matter big Training and environment matter big time, don't get me wrong, but neither time, don't get me wrong, but neither time, don't get me wrong, but neither starts from a blank slate. starts from a blank slate. starts from a blank slate. Over the years, I watched Over the years, I watched Over the years, I watched brothers, sisters, brothers, sisters, brothers, sisters, um um um raised in different homes. I watched the raised in different homes. I watched the raised in different homes. I watched the offspring of dogs I bred years later or offspring of dogs I bred years later or offspring of dogs I bred years later or earlier. earlier. earlier. I watched grandparents, grandchildren. I watched grandparents, grandchildren. I watched grandparents, grandchildren. So, when you follow So, when you follow So, when you follow the same families the same families the same families for decades, for decades, for decades, some interesting patterns begin to show some interesting patterns begin to show some interesting patterns begin to show that simply are not visible when you're that simply are not visible when you're that simply are not visible when you're looking at individual dogs. That that's one reason why I'm always That that's one reason why I'm always interested in research on canine interested in research on canine interested in research on canine genetics and behavior. genetics and behavior. genetics and behavior. But, I also understand that the limits But, I also understand that the limits But, I also understand that the limits of what most studies can do. of what most studies can do. of what most studies can do. For example, a university study may may For example, a university study may may For example, a university study may may follow follow follow what, dozens of dogs for months or what, dozens of dogs for months or

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what, dozens of dogs for months or perhaps few years. perhaps few years. perhaps few years. Of course, it's valuable, but still Of course, it's valuable, but still Of course, it's valuable, but still quite limited work. quite limited work. quite limited work. A breeding program A breeding program A breeding program followed over decades followed over decades followed over decades will give you a a will give you a a will give you a a very very different perspective. very very different perspective. very very different perspective. You begin to see You begin to see You begin to see which traits persist, which traits which traits persist, which traits which traits persist, which traits disappear, which combination disappear, which combination disappear, which combination consistently produce stability. consistently produce stability. consistently produce stability. Which ones quietly Which ones quietly Which ones quietly introduce problems that may not become introduce problems that may not become introduce problems that may not become obvious even obvious even obvious even even until generations later. So, So, good breeding has never been about good breeding has never been about good breeding has never been about producing one or two great dogs. producing one or two great dogs. producing one or two great dogs. As I said, these puppies are only 3 As I said, these puppies are only 3 As I said, these puppies are only 3 weeks old. weeks old. weeks old. When they are few months old, When they are few months old, When they are few months old, >> [snorts] >> [snorts] >> [snorts] >> most people or trainers will hopefully >> most people or trainers will hopefully >> most people or trainers will hopefully see the potential. see the potential. see the potential. For me, I would see history. For me, I would see history. For me, I would see history. The decade the decades of observation, The decade the decades of observation, The decade the decades of observation, record successes, failures, record successes, failures, record successes, failures, thousands of decisions that led to this thousands of decisions that led to this thousands of decisions that led to this moment. moment. moment. And [snorts] if I do my job well, one And [snorts] if I do my job well, one And [snorts] if I do my job well, one day day day someone will look at one of these dogs someone will look at one of these dogs someone will look at one of these dogs and say, and say, and say, "What an incredible training." "What an incredible training." "What an incredible training." Without ever realizing that part of the Without ever realizing that part of the

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Without ever realizing that part of the story story story was written long before was written long before was written long before they opened their eyes. they opened their eyes. they opened their eyes. Have a good one.